Patna Law Notes

बेनामी क्रय-विक्रय (निषेध) कानून में संशोधन (2016): बेनामी संपत्ति खरीदने वालों पर क्या प्रभाव पड़ेगा? बेनामी क्रय-विक्रय क्या है? बेनामी लेन-देन क्या है? इसमें क्या होता है? फर्ज करिए, मैंने एक मकान खरीदा, लेकिन उसके कागज बनवाए किसी और के नाम से। मालिकाना अधिकार किसी और का, लेकिन property पर कब्जा मेरा। ये हुआ एक उदाहरण मकान की बेनामी खरीद का। सीधे शब्दों मे- बेनामी खरीद संपत्ति का ऐसा सौदा है जिसमे खरीददार प्रॉपर्टी पर खुद कब्जा रखता है, लेकिन कागज किसी और के नाम से बनवाता है। नाम देने वाले व्यक्ति को कानूनी भाषा में बेनामीदार कहा जाता है।   1988 का कानून 1988 में, बेनामी लेन-देन की रोक-थाम के उद्देश्य से बेनामी लेन-देन (निषेध) अधिनियम पारित किया गया। इसमे नौ धाराएं थीं। इनमे से एक में, एक ऐसे प्राधिकार के गठन का प्रस्ताव था, जिसके पास बेनामी खरीद करने वालों को दंडित करने और उनकी संपत्ति जब्त कर लेने का अधिकार होता। लेकिन तब सरकार की मंशा बेनामी खरीददारों को दंडित करने से ज्यादा उनको डराने की थी। ऐसी उम्मीद थी की इस अधिनियम के पारित होने के बाद समाज में एक मजबूत संदेश जाएगा, और ...

Vested Interest (Section 19) and Contingent Interest (Section 21) in the Transfer of Property Act,1882 Bare Law Section 19. Vested interest — Where, on a transfer of property, an interest therein is created in favour of a person without specifying the time when it is to take effect, or in terms specifying that it is to take effect forthwith or on the happening of an event which must happen, such interest is vested unless a contrary intention appears from the terms of the transfer. A vested interest is not defeated by the death of the transferee before he obtains possession.  Explanation - An intention that an interest shall not be vested is not to be inferred merely from a provision whereby the enjoyment thereof is postponed, or whereby a prior interest in the same property is given or reserved to some other person, or whereby income arising from the property is directed to be accumulated until the time of enjoyment arrives, or from a provision that if a particular event shall ha...

Transfer of Property by an Ostensible Owner: Section 41 of the Transfer of Property Act Let’s look at the bare law first- Bare Law : Section 41. Transfer by ostensible owner.—Where, with the consent, express or implied, of the persons interested in immoveable property, a person is the ostensible owner of such property and transfers the same for consideration, the transfer shall not be violable on the ground that the transferor was not authorised to make it: Provided that the transferee, after taking reasonable care to ascertain that the transferor had power to make the transfer, has acted in good faith. Bare law explanation This section describes a situation where a person poses as the owner of a property with the consent of its real owner, and sells it to a buyer for consideration (for a price). The ostensible nature of the transferor's interest in property notwithstanding, such a transfer of property is considered valid as per law. And once such a transaction is carried out, rea...

  Section 53 (Transfer of Property Act), Fraudulent Transfer: A Brief Overview Bare Law: Fraudulent transfer.— Every transfer of immoveable property made with intent to defeat or delay the creditors of the transferor shall be voidable at the option of any creditor so defeated or delayed. Nothing in this sub-section shall impair the rights of a transferee in good faith and for consideration. Nothing in this sub-section shall affect any law for the time being in force relating to insolvency. A suit instituted by a creditor (which term includes a decree-holder whether he has or has not applied for execution of his decree) to avoid a transfer on the ground that it has been made with intent to defeat or delay the creditors of the transferor shall be instituted on behalf of, or for the benefit of, all the creditors. Every transfer of immoveable property made without consideration with intent to defraud a subsequent transferee shall be voidable at the option of such transferee. For the pu...

The Doctrine of Lis Pendens: Section 52 of the Transfer of Property Act The doctrine of Lis Pendens: Section 52 of the Transfer of Property Act Chapter II of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 pertains to the transfer of property through acts of parties; it deals with property transfer disputes. Section 52 in this chapter delineates the doctrine of Lis Pendens. What is Lis Pendens? Simply put, the doctrine of Lis Pendens states that if a property dispute is pending in any court, then the parties involved are not at the liberty to sell or transfer it.  Though, there is the added condition that this doctrine would not apply if the legal suit is a result of collusion between the parties to the suit. The dispute should be genuine, and not merely a ruse to hinder the transfer of property by embroiling it in a legal suit. In some instances, the court hearing the suit may allow the property in dispute to be transferred, however, it remains subject to the authority of the court, and such t...

Immovable Property as per the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 What does an immovable property include, legally speaking? If I buy a plot of land, do I also acquire a property right over the trees growing on it? How about the crops planted by the prior owner? Do those crops belong to me after the sale? Or does the prior owner have a right to harvest them before handing over the land to me? And, what about fans, windows, and doors attached to the house? Do I have a right, to claim these as well, along with the house? This article will try to answer these and other related questions while exploring the legal meaning and scope of the term ‘immovable property.        We find a definition of immovable property in the Registration Act, 1908. According to section 2 (6) of the act, ‘immovable property includes land, buildings, hereditary allowances, rights to ways, lights, ferries, fisheries or any other benefit to arise out of the land, and things attached to the earth, or pe...